What is ICT
What is ICT?
�� Information and Communications Technology
�� A broad field that includes
�� Computers
�� Software
�� Communications
�� Services
Short History of ICT
�� 1875 – invention of the telephone
�� 1910s – AM radio broadcast
�� 1940s – TV broadcasting, wireless communications
�� 1943 – first electronic computer
�� 1970s – invention of the microprocessor, fiber-optics
�� 1980s – cellular communications
�� 1990s –Internet
Multimedia
�� Made possible by digital technology
�� Can store, process, manipulate and combine digital data
�� Data can be:
�� Pictures
�� Videos
�� Audio
�� Actual data
Internet
�� A network of networks
�� A global set of connections of computers that enables the exchange of data, news and opinion
�� A platform for:
�� New ways of doing business
�� Better way for governments to deliver public services
�� Enabler for lifelong learning
Explosive Growth of the Internet
Number of years to reach 50 million users:
�� Radio - 38 years
�� Television - 13 years
�� PC - 16 years
�� Internet – 4 years
But less than 10% of the global population is online.
What is E-Commerce?
The ICT revolution has transformed not only how (and where) goods are produced but also how commodities are exchanged. E-commerce is buying and selling over the Internet or any transaction concluded through an information network involving the transfer of ownership
or rights to use goods or services. More precisely, it includes all business transactions that use electronic communications and digital information processing technology to create, transform and redefine relationships for value creation between organizations, and between organizations and individuals.
* The Information Age, e-Primers for the Information Economy, Society and Polity.
Types of E-Commerce
�� business-to-business (B2B);
�� business-to-consumer (B2C);
�� business-to-government (B2G);
�� consumer-to-consumer (C2C);and
�� mobile commerce (m-commerce).
Main Segments of the ICT Sector
�� Hardware industries
�� Communications equipment production
�� Software and other services industries
�� Communication services industries
ICT Hardware Industries
ICT hardware industries, including production of computers and equipment, magnetic and optical recording media, electron tubes, printed circuit boards, semiconductors, passive electronic components, industrial instruments for measurement, instruments for measuring electricity, laboratory analytical instruments and calculating and office machines, as well as wholesale and retail trade in computers and equipment.
Communications Equipment
Communications equipment production, including production of household audio and video equipment, telephone and telegraph equipment, and radio and TV communications equipment.
Software and Other Services Industries
Software and other services industries, including software development and engineering, prepackaged software, wholesale and retail software trade, computer-integrated system design, computer processing, data preparation, information retrieval services, computer services management, computer sales, rental and leasing, computer maintenance and repair and other computer related services.
Communication Services
Communication services industries including networks and security, system administration and support, database development and administration, user support and help desk, graphics and multimedia, instruction and training, hardware engineering, smart cards, telephone and telegraph communications.
Growth Impact of the ICT Revolution
�� exceptionally sharp fall in the relative prices of goods
�� Diffusion of ICT is occurring more quickly in developing economies than previous technologies
ICT and E-commerce can boost economic growth through…
�� increasing productivity in the ICT producing sector itself through large scale manufacture of more powerful ICT equipment with little increase in inputs
�� Increasing productivity from ICT through growing investment in ICT capital goods
�� increasing productivity in ICT using industries due to increasing returns from ICT use, spillovers from network economies, availability of timely information to manage complex production chains, more efficient distribution systems, effective management of risks, lower search and transactions costs, and enabling firms to exchange and access more information
Implications to a Country
�� National Development
�� Industrialization
�� Economic
�� Social
�� Political
�� Technological
�� International Relations
�� ICT is not an end in itself
�� It is a tool to empower people and communities to
�� become self-sufficient in meeting their basic needs
�� Help people reach their full potential
�� Access to information – critical for change and empowerment
Advantage of ICT
�� Access to information for private and professional decision making: ICTs expand the range of choices and opportunities by facilitating greater access to economic, educational and development related information
�� Geography and distance become less of a consideration with ICTs. Research is much easier with ICTs and the Internet especially
�� Access to opportunities: ICTs empower individuals, businesses and especially SMEs, local and community groups, women and marginalized or disenfranchised people or groups to do what they do, only better. With ICTs and the capacity to use ICTs, these groups can access the same information that government and large corporations use. Access to information can contribute to
leveling the playing field by increasing participation in economic and human development activities and in those applications that depend on information such as markets
�� Greater ability to learn: distance learning
�� Greater environmental awareness: information about the weather and the environment in general is more readily available. This information can help to predict and prepare or environmental perturbations and catastrophes.
�� More awareness of factors affecting individual well being
�� Greater ability to influence and participate in decision making
�� Transaction processing: ICTs speed up and ease transactions of all types, and are especially important for business and government transactions
�� Trade: ICTs enhance and facilitate trade. ICTs make markets more efficient. Commerce is enabled and extended. All markets have the potential of being international or of being selective, depending on the case
Emergence of New Activities
�� Online outsourcing of services
�� Production of different types of ICT goods
These activities enable countries, including developing ones, to diversify their economies, enhance their export competitiveness and produce high value- added services that boost the local economy.
Impact on Firms and Industries
�� increased information flows, which result in knowledge transfer as well as improved organization.
�� In particular, ICT have become important tools for improving productive capacity and increasing international competitiveness by
�� reducing the transaction costs involved in the production and exchange of goods and services,
�� increasing the efficiency of management functions, and
�� enabling firms to exchange and access more information.
�� ICT cannot substitute for human intervention, for example, in the creation of business relationships
Telecommunication:
‘Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems’
- Extract from Annex to ITU Constitution
ICT
Internet
Technologies
Telecommunication
IT-Computers
Broadcasting
Regulations
Policies
Administration
Why ICT Is So Important, Today ?
��Beauty of ICT is various applications and opportunities for “socioeconomic development”.
��But, such various ICT applications and opportunities won’t be able to be achieved without reliable and affordable ICT infrastructure – I.e., access to the ICT.
What is ‘access’ to ICT?
Access to ICT means the making available of facilities/and or services, to another undertaking, under defined conditions, on either an exclusive or non-exclusive basis, for the purpose of providing electronic communications services. It covers, inter alia;
• Access to network elements and associated facilities and services, • Access to physical infrastructure, software systems
• Access to number translation systems,
• Access to mobile networks, for roaming • Access to conditional access systems for digital television services &
• Access to Internet
Universal access
Universal access relates to the number of people in a country covered by information and communication technologies, to which end the necessary infrastructure is required for the provision of the various services which constitute these new technologies. Universal access may be guaranteed in various ways, one being through public Internet access centers.
Public Internet access center
Definition
A public Internet access centre (PIAC) is a site, location, center of instruction at which Internet access is made available to the public, on a full-time or part-time basis. This may include digital community centers, Internet cafés, libraries, education centers and other similar establishments, whenever they offer Internet access to the general public. All such centers should have at least one public computer for Internet access.
.
INDICATORS
Number of localities with PIACs
This is the number of localities with PIACs. This indicator should be given by number or range of inhabitants. Also, governmental and private PIACs should be identified, with both absolute and relative values.
Users
Whereas the number of households with access to ICTs and ICT coverage reveal the number of potential users of the technologies, we have to count the actual number of users.
Number of Internet users through PIACs
This is the number of people who use the Internet from PIACs, taking into account the technical records used in the different surveys. The data should at least show the age of the users and the frequency with which they use the service, for better international comparison.
Despite the wide range of benefits that can be brought about by ICT, the development and adoption of ICT by developing countries have so far been limited. Reasons for this have been amply documented. They include:
�� Lack of awareness of what ICT could offer,
�� Insufficient telecommunications infrastructure and Internet connectivity,
�� Expensive Internet access,
�� Low income levels
�� Absence of adequate legal and regulatory frameworks,
�� Shortage of requisite human capacity,
�� Low literacy rates
�� Failure to use local language and content
�� Lack of entrepreneurship and a business culture open to change,
�� Transparency and democracy;
�� Lack of payment systems that can support online transactions
�� Cultural resistance to online trade
E-business and E-market place
• High end application of ICT
– E Commerce = the application of transactions through electronic means
– E-business = the application of ICT as a fully integrated business tool in all facets of Porters’ business model.
– E market place = An Internet system maintained by a company or a consortium that allows individuals or companies to offer products and services or make bids to buy products or services.
Obstacles to ICT deployment
�� Information and Communications Technology
�� A broad field that includes
�� Computers
�� Software
�� Communications
�� Services
Short History of ICT
�� 1875 – invention of the telephone
�� 1910s – AM radio broadcast
�� 1940s – TV broadcasting, wireless communications
�� 1943 – first electronic computer
�� 1970s – invention of the microprocessor, fiber-optics
�� 1980s – cellular communications
�� 1990s –Internet
Multimedia
�� Made possible by digital technology
�� Can store, process, manipulate and combine digital data
�� Data can be:
�� Pictures
�� Videos
�� Audio
�� Actual data
Internet
�� A network of networks
�� A global set of connections of computers that enables the exchange of data, news and opinion
�� A platform for:
�� New ways of doing business
�� Better way for governments to deliver public services
�� Enabler for lifelong learning
Explosive Growth of the Internet
Number of years to reach 50 million users:
�� Radio - 38 years
�� Television - 13 years
�� PC - 16 years
�� Internet – 4 years
But less than 10% of the global population is online.
What is E-Commerce?
The ICT revolution has transformed not only how (and where) goods are produced but also how commodities are exchanged. E-commerce is buying and selling over the Internet or any transaction concluded through an information network involving the transfer of ownership
or rights to use goods or services. More precisely, it includes all business transactions that use electronic communications and digital information processing technology to create, transform and redefine relationships for value creation between organizations, and between organizations and individuals.
* The Information Age, e-Primers for the Information Economy, Society and Polity.
Types of E-Commerce
�� business-to-business (B2B);
�� business-to-consumer (B2C);
�� business-to-government (B2G);
�� consumer-to-consumer (C2C);and
�� mobile commerce (m-commerce).
Main Segments of the ICT Sector
�� Hardware industries
�� Communications equipment production
�� Software and other services industries
�� Communication services industries
ICT Hardware Industries
ICT hardware industries, including production of computers and equipment, magnetic and optical recording media, electron tubes, printed circuit boards, semiconductors, passive electronic components, industrial instruments for measurement, instruments for measuring electricity, laboratory analytical instruments and calculating and office machines, as well as wholesale and retail trade in computers and equipment.
Communications Equipment
Communications equipment production, including production of household audio and video equipment, telephone and telegraph equipment, and radio and TV communications equipment.
Software and Other Services Industries
Software and other services industries, including software development and engineering, prepackaged software, wholesale and retail software trade, computer-integrated system design, computer processing, data preparation, information retrieval services, computer services management, computer sales, rental and leasing, computer maintenance and repair and other computer related services.
Communication Services
Communication services industries including networks and security, system administration and support, database development and administration, user support and help desk, graphics and multimedia, instruction and training, hardware engineering, smart cards, telephone and telegraph communications.
Growth Impact of the ICT Revolution
�� exceptionally sharp fall in the relative prices of goods
�� Diffusion of ICT is occurring more quickly in developing economies than previous technologies
ICT and E-commerce can boost economic growth through…
�� increasing productivity in the ICT producing sector itself through large scale manufacture of more powerful ICT equipment with little increase in inputs
�� Increasing productivity from ICT through growing investment in ICT capital goods
�� increasing productivity in ICT using industries due to increasing returns from ICT use, spillovers from network economies, availability of timely information to manage complex production chains, more efficient distribution systems, effective management of risks, lower search and transactions costs, and enabling firms to exchange and access more information
Implications to a Country
�� National Development
�� Industrialization
�� Economic
�� Social
�� Political
�� Technological
�� International Relations
�� ICT is not an end in itself
�� It is a tool to empower people and communities to
�� become self-sufficient in meeting their basic needs
�� Help people reach their full potential
�� Access to information – critical for change and empowerment
Advantage of ICT
�� Access to information for private and professional decision making: ICTs expand the range of choices and opportunities by facilitating greater access to economic, educational and development related information
�� Geography and distance become less of a consideration with ICTs. Research is much easier with ICTs and the Internet especially
�� Access to opportunities: ICTs empower individuals, businesses and especially SMEs, local and community groups, women and marginalized or disenfranchised people or groups to do what they do, only better. With ICTs and the capacity to use ICTs, these groups can access the same information that government and large corporations use. Access to information can contribute to
leveling the playing field by increasing participation in economic and human development activities and in those applications that depend on information such as markets
�� Greater ability to learn: distance learning
�� Greater environmental awareness: information about the weather and the environment in general is more readily available. This information can help to predict and prepare or environmental perturbations and catastrophes.
�� More awareness of factors affecting individual well being
�� Greater ability to influence and participate in decision making
�� Transaction processing: ICTs speed up and ease transactions of all types, and are especially important for business and government transactions
�� Trade: ICTs enhance and facilitate trade. ICTs make markets more efficient. Commerce is enabled and extended. All markets have the potential of being international or of being selective, depending on the case
Emergence of New Activities
�� Online outsourcing of services
�� Production of different types of ICT goods
These activities enable countries, including developing ones, to diversify their economies, enhance their export competitiveness and produce high value- added services that boost the local economy.
Impact on Firms and Industries
�� increased information flows, which result in knowledge transfer as well as improved organization.
�� In particular, ICT have become important tools for improving productive capacity and increasing international competitiveness by
�� reducing the transaction costs involved in the production and exchange of goods and services,
�� increasing the efficiency of management functions, and
�� enabling firms to exchange and access more information.
�� ICT cannot substitute for human intervention, for example, in the creation of business relationships
Telecommunication:
‘Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems’
- Extract from Annex to ITU Constitution
ICT
Internet
Technologies
Telecommunication
IT-Computers
Broadcasting
Regulations
Policies
Administration
Why ICT Is So Important, Today ?
��Beauty of ICT is various applications and opportunities for “socioeconomic development”.
��But, such various ICT applications and opportunities won’t be able to be achieved without reliable and affordable ICT infrastructure – I.e., access to the ICT.
What is ‘access’ to ICT?
Access to ICT means the making available of facilities/and or services, to another undertaking, under defined conditions, on either an exclusive or non-exclusive basis, for the purpose of providing electronic communications services. It covers, inter alia;
• Access to network elements and associated facilities and services, • Access to physical infrastructure, software systems
• Access to number translation systems,
• Access to mobile networks, for roaming • Access to conditional access systems for digital television services &
• Access to Internet
Universal access
Universal access relates to the number of people in a country covered by information and communication technologies, to which end the necessary infrastructure is required for the provision of the various services which constitute these new technologies. Universal access may be guaranteed in various ways, one being through public Internet access centers.
Public Internet access center
Definition
A public Internet access centre (PIAC) is a site, location, center of instruction at which Internet access is made available to the public, on a full-time or part-time basis. This may include digital community centers, Internet cafés, libraries, education centers and other similar establishments, whenever they offer Internet access to the general public. All such centers should have at least one public computer for Internet access.
.
INDICATORS
Number of localities with PIACs
This is the number of localities with PIACs. This indicator should be given by number or range of inhabitants. Also, governmental and private PIACs should be identified, with both absolute and relative values.
Users
Whereas the number of households with access to ICTs and ICT coverage reveal the number of potential users of the technologies, we have to count the actual number of users.
Number of Internet users through PIACs
This is the number of people who use the Internet from PIACs, taking into account the technical records used in the different surveys. The data should at least show the age of the users and the frequency with which they use the service, for better international comparison.
Despite the wide range of benefits that can be brought about by ICT, the development and adoption of ICT by developing countries have so far been limited. Reasons for this have been amply documented. They include:
�� Lack of awareness of what ICT could offer,
�� Insufficient telecommunications infrastructure and Internet connectivity,
�� Expensive Internet access,
�� Low income levels
�� Absence of adequate legal and regulatory frameworks,
�� Shortage of requisite human capacity,
�� Low literacy rates
�� Failure to use local language and content
�� Lack of entrepreneurship and a business culture open to change,
�� Transparency and democracy;
�� Lack of payment systems that can support online transactions
�� Cultural resistance to online trade
E-business and E-market place
• High end application of ICT
– E Commerce = the application of transactions through electronic means
– E-business = the application of ICT as a fully integrated business tool in all facets of Porters’ business model.
– E market place = An Internet system maintained by a company or a consortium that allows individuals or companies to offer products and services or make bids to buy products or services.
Obstacles to ICT deployment
• Low awareness and skill in ICT.
– Leads to low priority.
• Limited investment power.
• Running costs (incl. telecoms and VAT)
• Inadequate infrastructure.
• Regulatory environment
– Import/export regulations
– Exchange rates
– Tax
– In transparency, inconsistency, graft
What Can Government/We Do?
To stimulate ICT deployment:
• Stimulate formal and informal learning
– Increase ICT literacy and professionalism
• Stimulate professional learning
– Encourage international certification.
• Increase awareness and use of ICT in (State Owned) Enterprises.
• Incentives for IT investment.
– On business level
– On citizen level
PREREQUISITES
• Institution Administrator’s mindset
– E-Commerce must provide competitive edge and lead to increased profits.
– Company must understand importance of a trustworthy reputation.
– Company must be aware of the resources required to implement E-Commerce.
• Parent/student mindset
– Needs to trust the Institution.
– Needs to trust the technology.
– Needs to trust the delivery and payment procedure.
– Needs to trust the product or service.
– Needs to trust business processes in the country
Attributes of information
• Dissemination of information should be
– On Time
– Accurately
– Complete
– Relevant
– Up to Date
– Easy to digest
– Easy to find
– Variety of media
– Leads to low priority.
• Limited investment power.
• Running costs (incl. telecoms and VAT)
• Inadequate infrastructure.
• Regulatory environment
– Import/export regulations
– Exchange rates
– Tax
– In transparency, inconsistency, graft
What Can Government/We Do?
To stimulate ICT deployment:
• Stimulate formal and informal learning
– Increase ICT literacy and professionalism
• Stimulate professional learning
– Encourage international certification.
• Increase awareness and use of ICT in (State Owned) Enterprises.
• Incentives for IT investment.
– On business level
– On citizen level
PREREQUISITES
• Institution Administrator’s mindset
– E-Commerce must provide competitive edge and lead to increased profits.
– Company must understand importance of a trustworthy reputation.
– Company must be aware of the resources required to implement E-Commerce.
• Parent/student mindset
– Needs to trust the Institution.
– Needs to trust the technology.
– Needs to trust the delivery and payment procedure.
– Needs to trust the product or service.
– Needs to trust business processes in the country
Attributes of information
• Dissemination of information should be
– On Time
– Accurately
– Complete
– Relevant
– Up to Date
– Easy to digest
– Easy to find
– Variety of media
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